Islam began in the 7th century CE with the Prophet Muhammad, born around 570 CE in Mecca. Around 610 CE, he started receiving revelations from Allah through the archangel Gabriel, which were later compiled into the Quran. Muhammad's teachings emphasized monotheism and social justice, facing opposition from the Quraysh leaders in Mecca.

In 622 CE, Muhammad and his followers migrated to Medina (Hijra), where he established an Islamic state. After conflicts with Meccans, Muhammad returned to conquer Mecca in 630 CE, leading to widespread acceptance of Islam.

After Muhammad's death in 632 CE, leadership passed to the Rashidun Caliphs, who expanded the Islamic state beyond the Arabian Peninsula. Subsequent dynasties, such as the Umayyads and Abbasids, continued this expansion, spreading Islam across the Middle East, North Africa, and parts of Europe and Asia.